Colorectal (Colon) Cancer: Symptoms, Treatments

Colorectal Cancer

There are many reasons why colorectal cancer is becoming more common not only in Singapore but around the world. People who are overweight, smoke, drink alcohol regularly, eat a high-fat diet, or do not exercise have a higher risk of developing the condition. 

Cancer that starts in the colon is called colon cancer and rectal cancer is called rectal cancer. Cancer affecting any of these organs can be called colorectal cancer. Although this is not always the case, most cases of colorectal cancer usually develop over time from adenomatous (pre-cancerous) polyps. Polyps can change (growth) after a series of mutations (abnormalities) in their cellular DNA. Some risk factors for colorectal cancer include a family history of colon or rectal cancer, diet, alcohol use, smoking, and inflammatory bowel disease. Dr. Peter Goh, Our Colorectal Cancer Expert Surgeon in Singapore has more than 40+ years of experience in general, laparoscopic and bariatric surgery.

How does colorectal cancer develop?

All cells in the body develop normally, divide and then die so that the body remains healthy and functions properly. Sometimes this process gets out of control. Cells continue to grow and divide even when they should die. When the cells lining the colon and rectum grow out of control, colorectal cancer can eventually develop.

Fortunately, most cases of colorectal cancer begin as small precancerous polyps (adenomatous or serrated). These polyps usually grow slowly and do not cause symptoms until they become large or cancerous. This makes it possible to detect and remove polyps at this early stage before they develop into cancer.

What are the signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer?

Unfortunately, some types of colorectal cancer may be asymptomatic. For this reason, it is important to have regular colorectal screenings (exams) for early detection of problems. The best screening test is a colonoscopy. Other screening options include fecal occult blood tests, fecal DNA testing, flexible sigmoidoscopy, irrigation enema, and CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy). The age at which these screening tests begin depends on your risk factors, especially a family history of colon and rectal cancer.

Even if you don't have a family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, tell your doctor if you have any signs that may indicate colorectal cancer, regardless of your age. Common symptoms of colorectal cancer include the following:

Changes in stool patterns: Constipation, diarrhea, compacted stools, incomplete evacuation, and fecal incontinence, although usually symptoms of other, less serious problems, can also be symptoms of colorectal cancer.

Blood in stool or stool. By far the most noticeable of all symptoms is blood in the stool or stool, which may be associated with colorectal cancer. However, this does not necessarily indicate cancer, as many other problems can cause bleeding in the digestive tract, including hemorrhoids, anal tears (cracks), ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, just to name a few. . In addition, iron and certain foods, such as beets, can turn stool black or red, falsely indicating the presence of blood in the stool. However, if you notice blood in your stool or stools, visit your doctor to rule out a serious condition and make sure you are getting the right treatment.

Unexplained anemia: Anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells, the cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. If you are anemic, you may experience shortness of breath. You may also feel tired and lethargic to the point where rest doesn't help you feel better.

Abdominal or pelvic pain or swelling

Unexplained weight loss

Vomit

If you are experiencing any of these signs or symptoms, it is important to see your doctor for an evaluation. For a patient with colorectal cancer, early diagnosis and treatment can save a life.